Noam Chomsky Warns Against U.S./U.K. Intervention In Libya 1/2

studying to become an interpreter what is the Middle East ?

STUDYING TO BECOME AN INTERPRETER

When you are studying to become an Interpreter, you freequently must  understand political  frontiers.

Asking the question What is the Middle East  will help us understand what we mean when this term is used. Here s an art6icle that might help. Care to read it ?

Question: What Is the Middle East?

The "Middle East" as a term can be as contentious as the region it identifies. It's not a precise geographical area like Europe or Africa. It's not a political or economic alliance like the European Union. It's not even an agreed-upon term by the countries that constitute it. So what is the Middle East?

Answer: The "Middle East" is not a term Middle Easterners gave themselves, but a British term borne of a colonial, European perspective. The term's origins are seeped in controversy for having originally been a European imposition of geographic perspective according to European spheres of influence. East from where? From London. Why "Middle"? Because it was half-way between the United Kingdom and India, the Far East. By most accounts the earliest reference to the "Middle East" occurs in a 1902 edition of the British journal National Review, in an article by Alfred Thayer Mahan entitled "The Persian Gulf and International Relations." The term gained common usage after it was popularized by Valentine Chirol, a turn-of-the-century correspondent for the London times in Tehran. Arabs themselves never referred to their region as the Middle East until the colonial usage of the term became current and stuck.
For a time, the "Near East" was the term used for the Levant--Egypt, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Jordan--while "Middle East" applied to Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan and Iran. The American perspective lumped the region into one basket, giving more credence to the general term "Middle East."
Today, even Arabs and other people in the Middle East accept the term as a geographical point of reference. Disagreements persist, however, about the exact geographical definition of the region. The most conservative definition limits the Middle East to the countries bound by Egypt to the West, the Arab Peninsula to the South, and at most Iran to the East.
A more expansive view of the Middle East, or the Greater Middle East, would stretch the region to Mauritania in West Africa and all the countries of North Africa that are members of the Arab League; eastward, it would go as far as Pakistan. The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East includes the Mediterranean islands of Malta and Cyprus in its definition of the Middle East. Politically, a country as far east as Pakistan is increasingly included in the Middle East because of Pakistan's close ties and involvements in Afghanistan. Similarly, the former south and southwestern republics of the Soviet Union--Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan--can also be included in a more expansive view of the Middle East because of the republics' cultural, historical, ethnic and especially religious cross-overs with countries at the core of the Middle East.

Expand Your Understanding of the Middle

Top 5 Fashion Tips For Work

Whether you're an assistant just starting out, a low-level executive working toward a promotion, or busy manager operating under pressure, your appearance at work should not be neglected. Your fashion at work sends a message about the type of businessperson you are, and it can also help you score points with co-workers and higher ups. Here are the top five tips that high-powered executives give for what to wear to work.
1. Every day is fashion day: It takes time and effort to put together your look every day, but it's definitely worth it. If you get lazy for one day and neglect your outfit, that just might be the day that your boss chooses to evaluate you for a potential promotion. So, make a habit of dressing well every day. When you're first starting out at the job, look around at how everyone else dresses, and go one step better than them. Don't dress so differently that you stick out like a sore thumb, but do stand out.
2. Don't be too casual: Yes, there are plenty of jobs that allow a so-called "casual" dress code, but this doesn't mean that you can go in to work in your sweat pants and flip-flops. In fact, you probably don't even want to go in your everyday casual clothes. Dressing up just a little bit will send the message that you're a professional while also preparing you mentally to get the job done. And if you work somewhere that has casual Fridays, the same rules apply. Use it as an opportunity to dress down a little bit, but you should still dress for work.
3. Don't overdo the make-up and hair: The goal is to look good while also appearing professional and ready to work. This doesn't mean that you have to look as perfectly primped as you would for a date or dressy outing. When it comes to make-up, keep it light and clean. A little bit of sheer foundation, mascara, a neutral liner, and a natural-colored lipstick are the maximum amount you need. And with your hair, try to style it so that it will look good while being out of the way and not requiring fuss.
4. Not too revealing: At work, dressing sexy or suggestively is always a bad idea. Keep the necklines high, the hemlines low, and don't wear anything that's too tight or too revealing. You want to fit in, and while you may want to draw the attention of certain people around the office, you should try to do so with your work, personality, and intelligence, rather than with your physical assets.
5. Have something that makes you stand out: Without going over-the-top, find one feature that you can make your signature. The higher-ups in your company may have a lot of faces and names to keep track of, so if you can give them one thing to associate with you-a haircut, a color, or a frequent accessory-they'll be much more likely to remember you, which can have big effects on your career.

Caterina Christakos is a published author and reviewer. Read her latest reviews of womens seven jeans and other seven jeans styles. Article Source: http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Caterina_Christakos

CPE SAMPLE TESTS

I found two web pages where you can download the CPE sample tests:
http://www.candidates.cambridgeesol.org/cs/Help_with_exams/General_English/CPE
http://www.taringa.net/posts/apuntes-y-monografias/4067178/CPE-_Certificate-of-Proficiency-in-English_.html

What Is Binge Eating Disorder? (by Vanesa Alderete)

Binge eating is one of three main categories of eating disorders. It consists of consuming larger than normal amounts of food for the sake of dealing with emotional upheaval. Binge eating takes place in secret, and is a disease that can go on for a long time without treatment. Self-love and acceptance goes a long way towards curing the habit of binging.

·                     Features

Binge eating is a form of disordered eating, or ED. It's the consumption of a larger than normal amount of food by one person. It can take place in one sitting, or can be an ongoing process that lasts several hours. The important identifier of a binge, however, is the feeling that there is absolutely no control over what's being consumed. A binge eater can use any type of food as the weapon of choice. A binge can consist of 20 organic apples eaten in a single sitting, or two large pizzas with the works eaten overnight. Binging isn't a person losing control around a pile of junk food. After a binge, there will usually be feelings of guilt, shame and anger turned in towards the self. Binges are the physical manifestation of these feelings when they aren't expressed in a healthy manner.

·                     Function

A binge usually happens after something that has triggered intense feelings. If a person doesn't feel like they have the "luxury" of expressing his feelings to others, he'll look to food to sop up the emotions. Binges echo the out-of-control sensations that many experience when faced with life's hard knocks. Conversely, a binge may also bring feelings of power to someone after feelings of powerlessness. Since a binge doesn't feel good while it's happening, it's a way to use something pleasurable as punishment. This mental paradox acts to suppress the body's senses of fullness and satisfaction after a good meal and makes the binge eater take no joy in good food.

·                     Identification

A binge may happen for several reasons and will emerge through several steps. First, a stressful event will happen, such as a fight between lovers or an disappointing exam grade. This event gives rise to emotions that the sufferer, for some reason, doesn't process effectively. For instance: rather than discussing hurtful words with a boyfriend, the woman will stifle the anger and confusion. She may blame herself for the blowup, thinking that her own hard-headed nature caused the misunderstanding. Another example would be a feeling of powerlessness and stupidity after failing an important test. Thinking that a discussion with a professor would be fruitless, there's no one left for the student to punish but himself. Both of these events cause a loss of power in the mind of the disordered eater, triggering the lost and hopeless feelings that bring on a binge. A lack of healthy adaptive attitudes and coping skills leave the victim rudderless. Binges can even occur with overwhelming feelings of happiness. A lack of trust or security can yield someone vulnerable in the face of too much good news. They may turn to food to assuage the anxious feelings.

·                     Misconceptions

Contrary to popular belief, many obese people aren't binge eaters and vice versa. Although binge eating can lead to obesity, many binge eaters follow their caloric gorging with exercise or vomiting that keeps them looking thin. Many people binge eat without showing any outward signs of it. Another misconception is that eating a whole bag of chips or a whole pizza is a binge. Binge eating disorder only occurs with certain thought and behavioral patterns. Everyone gets carried away at the table once in a while, but that doesn't constitute a binge. Binges happen after incidents involving intense feeling. Binge eating involves internal pain, not carelessness.

·                     Prevention/Solution

The best solutions for binge eating disorder are to cultivate self-care and love. People don't like to cause pain or punish the one they love, so learn to love yourself. This means accepting imperfection, indulging in loving self-talk and expressing emotions in a healthy manner. Many binge eaters are so incredibly busy worrying about what others think and feel that they disregard the importance of their own emotions. Taking themself seriously is the first step to recovering or avoiding disordered eating. Also, people should keep an eye out for triggers. For most, there is a particular feeling that causes them to binge. When they've identified the feeling, simply stop and speak it out loud. Say, "I'm feeling sad because I failed that test. It really hurts." That's it. It may not completely solve their situation at that particular moment, but it will heal that vortex of pent-up feeling enough to back away from the fridge and call a friend for help. Binge eating is a solitary, painful experience that happens in the shadows. Once a person accepts that they're worthy of good things and happiness, the disorder loses its grip.

Read more: What Is Binge Eating Disorder? | eHow.com

 

Air Attack On Libya

The United States and its Western allies launched air attacks on Libyan targets on Saturday, in what U.S. President Barack Obama described as the work of a "broad coalition" to protect "a threatened people" against ruler Moammar Gadhafi's forces.

"We are answering the calls of a threatened people and we are acting in the interests of the United States and the world," Obama said in a statement from Brazil, during a visit to Latin America.

"Make no mistake, today we are part of a broad coalition," Obama said. The Arab League has backed action against Gadhafi's forces, and while no Arab forces have joined the attack so far, "officials expect Arab countries will publicly announce their participation soon," the Pentagon said.

The Pentagon said 110 Tomahawk cruise missiles from U.S. and British ships and submarines had been fired at 20 targets. British jets also joined the attack, the government said early Sunday. The Western coalition is targeting Libyan air defences, especially around Tripoli and the west Libyan city of Misrata.

"This is the first phase of what will likely be a multi-phase operation," U.S. Vice Admiral William Gortney, director of the Pentagon's Joint Staff, said at a briefing in Washington after Obama spoke.

"These strikes were carefully coordinated with our coalition partners," Gortney said, adding that most of the targets — in what's being called Operation Odyssey Dawn — were on the Mediterranean coast and that information was still coming in because it was night.
Responding on Libyan state television to the attacks, Gadhafi warned that the coalition action has turned the Mediterranean region and North Africa into a "ground of war."
Gadhafi said he would open his country's military stores to "arm all the masses with all types of weapons" in defence of the country against a "colonial crusader."
An Al Jazeera reporter in the rebel capital Benghazi, meanwhile, said that people there were firing guns in the air to celebrate the international attacks.

Al Jazeera also reported that one of the targets hit was a military college near Misrata, where it said Gadhafi's forces were believed to be based.

Libyan TV, controlled by the government, said the attacks had killed 48 people and wounded 150.

Compulsive Hoarding (By Ana Lovato) ^^